Buying Small Dogs With Children

Having a dog in a family that has children can be quite troublesome as both dog and the kid may have problems in adjusting with each other. However, some breeds of dogs, especially the smaller ones, are known to be good dogs with children. Small dogs good with kids include Retrievers, Poodles, Beagles, Collies and Spaniels. Most popular variety is a Labrador retriever and if there is a small child in your family, you may want to get a Labrador to raise it with your child. As they will grow up together, they will automatically develop a strong relationship and interaction between them will be encouraged in a positive way.

 

Breeds of dogs

Getting big dogs may intimidate your kids, this is why it is recommended to have small dog in your house that your kids will find friendly and playful. A Labrador is usually the perfect size as it will not over power the child nor they will allow them to take unjustified advantage from them. Being highly energetic, they are able to play with your children for hours and hours. Labradors are not just playful but also readily take to any kind of training they are given.

 

They are also known for their good nature and patience that is extremely required with children. They can be a dependable dog but they should be treated as a part of family only. Golden retrievers and Chesapeake Bay are other retrievers that prove to be good dogs with children.

 

Hounds, especially Schnauzer, Basset and Beagle, can be an excellent addition to a family with kids. They are good tempered and are smaller in size than retrievers. Bassets are known to be able to play all day long with the children. Collies are very patient and friendly and are quite docile as well as energetic around the children.

 

Some Collies have appeared in various TV shows and movies. Being smart and trustworthy, Spaniels may also prove to be a wise choice. They are usually even-tempered but pulling their long ears can quite disturb them. You must wait until your kid grows up and does not get tempted to pull their ears.

 

Poodles are also small dogs which are quite famous for their immense loyalty and mild manners. They are easy to train and are quite smart and are often seen as acing dog shows. They are always playful and are fearless, although toy poodles are not really recommended for homes with children. Dogs can be a wonderful member of a family, so you need to take sufficient efforts to search for a loyal friend for your child.

 

Coupons for dog food

Food dogs coupons available over the Internet can be a great way to let dog lovers understand that apart from enjoying time with their dogs, they may also enjoy buying food for their dogs. These food dogs coupons offer discounts on dog foods when you purchase them from their site. These coupons are quite reliable as websites update new coupons frequently and all the food dogs coupons are ensured valid and tested.

Some Of The Reasons Why You Should Consider Having Fish As Pets

It’s common for children to beg their parents for a pet. When most people think of pets, they think of dogs or cats and mice or hamsters. They may overlook some the greatest pets to own; fish.

Few things are as mesmerizing as watching brightly colored fish swim around their aquariums. Their vivid colors seem to glow under the aquarium lights and they continuously swim and circle around their own little environments. You can buy accessories for your aquarium that make it look like a tiny underwater paradise. There are beautifully colored rocks and gravel that you can adorn the bottom of the tank with, as well as little statues of mermaids or the ever popular treasure chest that seems filled with gems and pearls.

You don’t have to stick with one type of fish but instead can enjoy a variety all in one tank. Some people add snails and even frogs to their fish tanks creating a both an entertaining and educational environment. Because fish are always in motion, they are never boring to watch. You can watch them chase each other around the tank almost as if they were playing a game of underwater tag. Children can watch them as they interact and get a lesson in science that’s better than any undersea documentary on television while being much more enjoyable to watch.

There is also a lot of ease that comes with caring for fish. Unlike dogs that have to be walked and constantly entertained, your fish get their own exercise without any help from you. There’s no annoying fur that has to be vacuumed from the floor and furniture and you don’t have to worry about having the dreaded pet odor permeate your home.

They only need to be fed twice a day and if you have to go out of town you can get automatic feeders. You won’t have to go through the trouble and expense of finding a kennel for the dog or someone to come and feed the cat.

The important thing to remember is to make sure that the tank is outfitted properly. Fish need oxygen just like mammals do so you should put some plants in the tank that are designed for underwater living. Make sure that you install a light in the tank so that the plants can flourish. You will also need to have a thermometer to make sure that the temperature remains at a healthy level and a filter to keep the water free of toxins. It’s also important to clean the tank on a regular basis. When filling your fish tank you should use distilled water. Don’t dismay if your fish becomes ill. Talk to your vet about it but usually just raising the temperature of the water that it’s in will help the fish to become healthy again.

Top 7 Dog Myths

Myths about dogs can endanger your dog’s safety if believed and acted upon. Canine Kingdom exposes myths, old wives’ tales and methods of communicating with dogs that do not work. Canine Kingdom will further refine and massively communicate our knowledge base about dogs — so that an accurate understanding of dogs is clear, widely held, and protected. To separate fact from fiction, Canine Kingdom brings you debunked myths, verified facts, and statistically proven methods.

Dogs must have bones!

The most common symbol associated with dogs, the ‘bone’, is actually damaging to dogs! It is an erroneous myth that dogs should have bones. Unless you are working with a specialist or are experienced in raw feeding do not give dogs raw food or bones. Dogs have dental care needs just like humans. Their teeth wear down from hard bones, and can even break. Cooked bones should never be given to dogs. The heat changes the chemical and physical properties of bones and they resist digestion and cannot be chewed properly, splintering into jagged shards. There are several options available to provide your dogs the chewing exercise they love and crave: Kongs; ‘fill n freeze’ nylon bones; and tough (but soft) chew toys.

Never disturb a dog when he’s eating

One of the highest incidence rates of dog bites occurs when a dog’s food is disturbed. Dog parents may conclude it’s best not to disturb a dog when he’s eating. But what it really means is that your dog sees you and/or your kids as a threat, rather than the best thing that’s ever happened to him. Every dog should learn to look forward to the presence of people near their bowl because he’s going to get a surprise yummy treat. To do this, start by hand feeding your dog-using an open palm. Then, each time you feed your dog, disturb his bowl or food in some way – starting with touching your dog and working your way to actually putting your hand in his bowl. That way, when someone inadvertently knocks his bowl over or a child reaches for his food, he won’t respond as though his meal is being threatened.

A cold, wet nose, indicates a healthy dog

The nose of a healthy dog should be at normal body temperature unless he is out in cold, wintry air (just like our noses). So remember, it is not a wet nose that tells you your dog is healthy, but rather a dry, hot nose that tells you something may be wrong.

Brushing is good for the coat

This is a partial myth. While brushing is necessary to keep your dog’s coat clean and detangled between baths, brushing too hard can roughen the hair cuticle, exposing its cortex and leaving the hair porous and frayed. Rule of thumb – if you can hear the brush, you are brushing too hard!

You must have a yard for your dog

Absolutely not true! Dogs are social animals, so they ultimately want to be with you. Ninety-nine percent of the time when a dog is in the yard, he’s hanging out at the back door waiting to come back inside with you. And you’ll notice that even inside a 10,000-square-foot house, the dog will tend to be right by your feet.

Dogs should not be fed table scraps

This is one of the most widespread myths the manufacturers of some pet food products perpetuate. They claim that table scraps will upset the balance of the commercial dog food. Just like humans, dogs should not be fed the same meal every single day of their lives. Dietary deficiencies do not appear overnight but need a long period of consistently poor nutrition to develop. Dogs will not automatically get fat, learn to beg at the table, or refuse to eat their own food just because they are fed table scraps. They will, however, do those things for various other reasons, like being overfed or trained that they can get food from your table. Feed your dog ‘human’ food in their bowls.

Pit Bulls have locking jaws

According to Dr. Sandy deLaHunta, a noted dog neurologist, and Dr. Katherine Houpt, a dog behaviorist, there is no such thing as “jaw locking” or a “jaw locking mechanism” in pit bulls or in any breed of dog.

They both concurred that the power of the bite is proportional to the size of the jaws and the jaw muscles. And they concluded that there is no anatomical structure that could be a locking mechanism in any dog.

Do you have a myth about dogs that has proven to be false? A fact that has proven to be true? Please send your myths and facts with proof of verification to:

Research@Canine Kingdom.com

Mary Beth Close founded For the Love of Dogs, Inc., the holding company for Canine Kingdom in 1999. Her vision is to end the unnecessary and unintentional abuse pet dogs suffer because we do not understand them. Canine Kingdom researches, organizes, develops, and validates information, methods and products regarding dog communication, training, and care needs. Canine Kingdom is an independent corporation and is not affiliated with any other pet related company, professional, or organization

Defensive Mechanism of S.s

Defensive Mechanism of S.S

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

I. Introduction

The primary functions of a circuit breaker are interrupting short circuit current, carrying normal currents, switching ON and OFF normal loads, and providing necessary insulating between live parts and earthed parts. The maintenance problems involved with bulk oil circuit breakers were immense. Minimum Oil technology had replaced bulk oil technology during 1950’s. Similarly the air -blast technology was developed for obtaining higher performance characteristics. However, the air -blast breakers are quite expensive, and their operation and maintenance cumbersome. Hence and need was felt during 1960’s for reduced maintenance.

SF6 was first obtained from Fluorine and Sulphur in 1900 by M/s. H.MOSSAN and PLEBEAU. Behavior of SF6 in Electrical field was studied by M/s. H.G. PQLLOCK and  P.S. COOPER in 4936 known for over two decades, perfection on commercial exploitation was attained during 1960’s. This development made it possible for SF6 gas at low pressure to be used in BIN circuit breakers for insulating and are’ quenching purposes, Some of the outstanding properties of SF 6 gas which make its use ideal in EHV circuit. breakers are:

            1. Inertness

            2. Non-toxicity

            3. Electro negative nature

            4. High dielectric strength

            5. Unique are quenching property

            6. Chemical and thermal stability

            7. Good Thermal conductivity

            8. Non corrosiveness

            9. Non-Flammability

            The combined electrical, physical, chemical and thermal properties of SF6 offer the following outstanding features when used  in power circuit breaker.

            1. Safety

            2. Size reduction

            3. Weight reduction

            4. Simplified design

            5. High degree of reliability

            6. Switching of  capacitive currents without restrike

            7. Very tow noise level

            8. Easy for handling

            9. Easy for installation

            10. Maintenance free service

2. Properties of Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6 )

a) Physical properties:

                        SF6 is a colorless, odorless and non-flammable gas. The fluorine atoms are placed at the corners of a regular octa-hedran with the sulphur atom centrally placed at a distance of 1.58 angstrom units. The bonds are predominantly covalent and the dissociation equation is

                                    SF6  –à  SF5 + F __________

            The decomposition potential is 15.7 ev.  SF6 gas is a very heavy gas and its density is approximately 5.5 times that of air. It is highly stable. It is more compressible than air and follows the law of perfect gases.

b)Electrical properties:

                        The di-electric strength of SF6 gas is 3 times that of air at atmospheric pressure and is only marginally reduced by the presence of air as impurity. The dielectric strength increases with increasing pressure. At a pressure of three bars, the dielectric strength becomes equal to that transformer oil. The size and electro negative nature molecule explain this strength. The molecule provides a large electron collision diameter. This results in capture of electrons preventing them from attaining sufficient energy to create additional .current carrying particles. SF6moiecuie also has the ability to store energy in the vibrational and electronic’ levels of the molecule there by forming stable ions of low mobility.

            The dielectric strength of SF6 remains unaltered over a wide range of frequencies. since SF6 has no dipole moment, the dielectric constant does not vary with frequency. AT 27.30c and atmospheric pressure the dielectric constant is 1.00191 and loss angle is 2 x 10-7.

            The dielectric properties of SF6 remain unchanged even at low temperatures. Unlike solid insulation materials an electrical breakdown in SF 6 gas does not result in permanent deterioration of its properties. Break down in all filled equipment may result in enormous increased of pressure due to gas formation but such hazards do not exist in the case of SF6 filled equipment.

c)Arc quenching properties:

            The ability to quench arc is unique to SF 6. This results in the high dielectric strength of the gas and the very rapid recovery of dielectric strength after arcing occurs. SF6 is approximately 100 times more effective in this respect than air under similar conditions. The low arc-time constant and its capacity to absorb free electrons due to electro negative nature makes it an excellent medium for arc interruption. The complex molecular motion of SF6 enables it to absorb electric energy and form stable negative ions. Its tendency to form negative ion around current zero results in the fast disappearance of electrons liberated during arcing. Unlike oil, arcing in SF6 will produce no carbon deposits or carbon tracking.

            The electro-negative property of SF6 may be due to several factors, including its large collision diameter. If stray electron electric field can be absorbed before they attain sufficient energy to create additional current carrying particles though collision, the breakdown can be slowed or even stopped. The large collision diameter of SF6 molecule assists in capturing these electrons. energy can be stored in the vibration levels of the SF6 atom, forming stable negative ions of low mobility. Thus the gas is electronegative in nature and shows .great electron binding capacity. Hence SF6 gas displays splendid arc-extinguishing performance .

            The arc time constant is directly proportional to the radius of arc makes it possible to have large number of breakings at full capacity of the breaker. The characteristic curve of the arc is such that the extinction power b low. In a typical case where the extinction power was of the order of 20 KW for an SF6 breaker, the corresponding value of an air blast breaker was in hundreds of KW.

            Some ion formation process with SF6 are :

            Resonance capture                  :           SF6 + e  -à  (SF6) – SF5- + F

            Positive ion formation             :           SF6 + e  -à (SF6+) + 2e -SF5- + F + 2e-

            Excitation & dissociation                    :           SF6 + e  -à (SF6-) + e -SF5- + F + e

            Positive & negative ion formation:     SF + e -à  (SF6-) + e -SF5 + F -+ e

d) Heat Transfer characteristics:

            SF6 has excellent heat transfer characteristic, an important criterion for gaseous dielectric in power applications. The higher molecular weight together with low  gaseous viscosity of SF6 enables it to transfer heat by convention more effectively than the common gases. The co-efficient of heat transfer of SF6 is approximately 2.5 tip1es that of air under the same conditions. Hence when the breaker is energized, the temperature rise small.

e)Wide  temperature range :

            SF6 in the gaseous state follows the ideal gas laws fairly closely. Consequently the pressure change is only moderate for a considerable change in temperature. The low sublimation points of SF6 assures greater dielectric strength even at low temperature the liquification temperature is —270C at a pressure of 12 Kg / sq. cm. Hence no heater is      necessary.

 f)Toxity :

            SF6 is a non-toxic gas and produces no poisonous effect on human body. But the decomposition products produced by the discharge (SF4, SF2, S2, F2 etc.) are harmful. These products are minimized by controlling of moisture in the interrupter and by absorbing the decomposition products by synthetic zeolite.

g)Chemical and Thermal Stability:

            SF6 gas is inert and it is one of the least reactive substance known under normal operating conditions. It may be heated in quartz to 5000C without under going any decomposition. SF6 does not react with water, acids and alkalis. Tests conducted have shown          practically no corrosion for various metals exposed to SF6 

h) Various constants :

            Some of the outstanding properties of SF6 which makes it ideal for high voltage power applications are:

            Molecular weight                                                        ..          146.05

            Sublimation point at 1 atm                                          ..          63.9°C

            Density of gas at 21.19 C at 1 atm                             ..          6.139

            Viscosity liquid at 13.52°C                                         ..          0.305

            Gas at 31.16°C                                                                       ..           0.0157

            Critical temperature etc.                                              ..          318.80

            Critical pressure bars                                                    ..         37.772

            Critical volume cu.metre / g                                        ..          1.356

            Dielectric strength reI N2 = al at 50 Hs -1.2 Mhs      ..          2.3 -2.5

            Dielectric constant at 25°C 1atm                                ..          1.002049 ‘

            Thermal conductivity at 30°C, Cal / Sec. -on °C                   ..           3.36 x 10-5

3. Breakdown phenomenon in SF6 :

            Breakdown in gases takes place when the free electrons gain sufficient kinetic energy Under the influence of an electric field and collide with neutral gas molecules liberating electrons from their outer shells. A chain reaction like this results in an electron avalanche. In the case of electro-negative gases like SF6 this mechanism is slightly modified. The free electrons get attached to molecules forming negative ions. SF6 + e Z SF6 -e. This negative ions are too massive to produce collisional ionization. This attachment represents an effective way of removing electrons which would have otherwise contributed to an electron        avalanche. This particular behaviors gives rise to very high dielectric strength for electronegative gases.

            The breakdown voltage of an electro-negative gas in a uniform field is a simple function of the product of pressure and spacing. the breakdown characteristics in non-uniform fields will be different because ionization may be main aimed locally due to the presence of regions of high stress. This is the corona effect. This may be due to surface roughness, sharp comers, floating conducting or semi-conducting particles. In SF6 equipments special care is taken to ensure that such sharp points do not exist in the breaker so that a fairly uniform field distribution can be achieved.

4. Principles of interruption with SF6 :

            Techniques employed for interruption with SF6 can be classified into two :

            a)         Double pressure system.

            b)         Single pressure system.

The latter can be further classified as double flow fixed nozzle and single flow series piston breakers.

a)Double pressure system:

            The functions of insulation and interruption are performed in separate chambers. SF6 at a pressure of 14 Kg/sq. cm. is stored in a high pressure chamber. This is used for quenching the are SF6 at low pressure (2.5 to 3.5 Kg/sq. cm.) provides the insulation. When the contacts separate under fault, gas at high pressure is forced into the arcing region and then it follows in to the low pressure region. The gas thus exhausted in to the low pressure region is compressed again and returned to the high pressure reservoir. The arcing takes place between the arcing tip and arcing ring thus relieving the contact area from the stresses of arc. A filter with actual alumna is kept at the intake of the compressor so that all the decomposition products of gas can be absorbed before re-circulating in to the system. A thermostatically controlled heating system will be provided in the high pressure reservoir to prevent condensation of gas at low temperature.

b) Single pressure system :

            In this case SF6 at low pressure (3 to 6.5 Kg/sq.cm.) provides the insulation and the energy for interruption. The breaker chamber consists of the fixed and moving contacts, and the piston arrangement in the puffer type fixed contact. As the moving contact separates under fault, the piston moves forward with high speed. This compresses the SF 6 inside the hallow fixed contact and forces the gas into the arc resulting in quenching. The force with which the gas could be blast depends on the design of the piston arrangement and the energy of the control mechanism.

            A further improvement is the Magnetic puffer type breakers where the operating force on the moving contact rod is increased, by magnetic repulsive force. The short circuit current is passed through a set of coils fixed on the support of the moving contact fed. A secondary short circuit ring is positioned and magnetically coupled with primary winding. This ring acts as piston as well. This interaction between the. two fields produces a repulsive force and it pushes the moving contact rod forward. The addition of this simple magnetic drive mechanism improves the interrupting capabilities of the breaker.

            The single pressure system has an inherent advantage of simplicity in construction. It needs no additional compressor as required in double pressure system. The manufacturing cost of puffer type equipment is lower.

5. Construction:

            The arc extinguishing system employs a synchronized double flow single pressure puffer type design. This leads to a simple construction.

            The SF 6 circuit breaker mainly comprises of the following:

            1.         Breaker poles it.

            2.         Base tube and mechanism box

            3.         Control unit

4.                  Air compressor electro-hydraulic operating mechanism

           

1.Movable Cylinder(Puffer cylinder)    2.Moving Contact 

3.Fixed Contct 4.Insulating Nozzle

5.Fixed Piston  6.Gas Trapped in before compression 

7.Compressed gas between 1 & 5

8.The arc-being extinguished by puffer action

5.1.Breaker Pole:

            The primary functions of a circuit breaker are carried out of breaker pole. The breaker pole consists of interrupter unit and support insulator.

            The interrupter unit consists of fixed contact tube, guide tube, moving contact tube, puffer or blast cylinder and piston. The fixed contact tube is connected to the top terminal via. Contact support.

The guide tube is fastened to the lower terminal. The other ends of the fixed contact tube and guide tube which are subjected to arcing during the arc interruption are provided with arc quenching nozzles. the nozzles are made up of graphite materials which keeps the contact wear to minimum. The moving contact tube consists of spring loaded finger contacts arranged in the form of a ring. The front end of the moving contact tube is provided with an arc resistance insulating ring and arcing ring of high arc resistant materials

            The blast cylinder which is made up of high arc resistant insulating material and the moving contact tube are rigidly coupled to each other and connected to the operating rod in the supporting insulator.  The blast piston which is made up of aluminum is fastened to the lower terminal pad. The fixed contact tube, guide tube, moving contact tube, blast cylinder and blast piston are “all housed inside a porcelain ,insulator. When the circuit breaker is in close position current flows from top terminal to bottom terminal through contact support, fixed contact tube, moving contact tube and guide tube.

            The support insulator apart from supporting the interrupter unit provide insulation between live parts and earthed parts. It houses the operating rod (insulated), one end of which is connected to the interrupter unit and the other end is connected to the mechanism.

5.2. Base Tube mechanism box:

            The base tube which supports the breaker pole and the mechanism box acts as a local air reservoirs. The mechanism box enclosed electromagnetic valve, closing coil, trip coil and operating cylinder. Lower mechanism case encloses the complete lever system to transmit the operation force from the mechanism box to the breaker pole.

 5.3.Control Unit :

            This accommodates the gas pressure switches, gas density detector, gas pressure gauge, air pressure gauge, air valve heater, auxiliary relays, terminal blocks, etc. for electrical and pneumatic control and monitoring of the breaker. The control devices of the air and SF6 gas systems are common for 3 poles of the breaker.

5.4.      Compress

            Since the operating energy requirement is greater the MOCBS either air compressor or electro-hydraulic operating mechanism is used.

6. The principle of Arc extinction:

            When the circuit breaker is in closed position the moving contact assembly bridges the fixed contact tube and the guide tube. When an opening operation is initiated, the blast cylinder moves towards  the stationary blast piston so that the SF6 gas in the blast cylinder is compressed to a pressure required to quench the arc. The gas compressed during the above process is released only when the contacts are separated with moving contact assembly acting as a slide valve. At the instant of contact separation, arc strikes between the front end of the arc quenching nozzle of the fixed contact tube and the arcing ring of the moving contact tube. The compressed gas in the blast cylinder is released in the break radically as the contacts are separated. As the moving contact assembly moves further, the arc between the front end of the fixed contact nozzle and the arcing ring of the moving contact is transferred from the arcing ring of the moving contacts of nozzle of the guide tube , by gas jet and its own electrodynamics forces. the arc is further elongated by the gas flow axially into the nozzles and safety extinguished. While the arc is being interrupted, the blast cylinder which is made up of arc resistant insulating material enclosed the arc quenching assembly, there by protecting the porcelain insulator from arcing effects. After arc extinction, the moving contact assembly and blast is free of any parts of the chamber which may have a bridging effect or influence the electric field distributor.

7. Operation principles:

7.1. Opening operation:

            When the trip coil is energized, the space of pilot valve is filled with compressed air and the charging valve moves to right. The space in the operating cylinder is filled with compressed air from the air received and the operating piston is rapidly driven to the left. the operating rod connected to the operating piston is pulled in the opening direction to drive the puffer cylinder at the high speed through the insulated operating rod in the supporting insulator. the SF6 gas in the puffer cylinder is compressed and the SF6 gas blast extinguishes the arc generated between the moving and stationary contacts.

            Simultaneous with the opening operation, the cam rotates and causes the electromagnet valve to return to its original position. As a result, compressed air in the space of pilot valve is exhausted into atmosphere and the charging valve is reset to the original piston. As the open state is retained by the link mechanism attached to the end of the operating piston.

7.2. Closing operation:

            When the closing coil is energized, the arc nature is made to rotate causing the hook to be disengaged. Thus the sector line rotates to release the roller and the operating piston is driven in the closing direction by the force of the closing spring, upon completion of closing, the link mechanism is held in a state to be ready for the subsequent opening operation.

8. Caution :

            When operating the breaker observes the following:

I)Keep correct SF6 gas pressure and operating air pressure as specified.

2)Operate the stop valves properly.

3)Do not allow ingress of moisture and dust into the SF6 gas supplying point.

4)Do not pump the gas piping and air piping with any object.

5)Do not damage the gasket and seal face on the leakage tight joint in the gas and air system.

6)When opening the circuit breaker by the manual handle. ‘

                        a) confirm that the main circuit is not energized.

                        b) Be sure to turn off the control power supply.

                        c) Confirm that compressed air in receivers is released.

                        d) Confirm that manual operating rod and handle are removed before                                             changing the receiver with compressed air.

7)Do not operate any part other than the manual operating handle before filling SF6 gas at the rated pressure. Do not fill compressed air before filling SF6 gas.

8)When checking interior parts of interrupter, blow air into the system for   sufficiently long time and confirm that sufficient supply of air is available before starting any work.

9.Gas Leak Detection:

            If the gas leaks through any point, this can result in reduction of pressure and consequent loss of insulation properties Gas Leak detection is done with the help of a halogen torch type detector. The detector works on the principle that SF6 absorbs a certain number of electron when passed through an atmosphere where free electrons flow. The free electrons are generated with in the sector by a small radio active source in the presence of a carrier gas. these electrons are collected at the detector anode and give a small base line current which is amplified. When the probe of the detector is kept near the joints of the SF6 filled equipment and if SF6 leaks out there will be variation in amplified valve of current due to electron absorption by SF6. The variation can be directly calibrated to indicate the magnitude of the leak.

9.2. Detention of presence of conducting particles:

            This is done by conducting a dielectric test when the test voltage is applied there will be an internal corona if metallic particle or sharp comers are present. The presence of internal discharges is located with the help of an ultrasonic detector which is very sensitive in detecting noise due to internal corona. The sector translates the ultrasonic vibrations into audible frequencies and directly indicates the intensity of sound in decibels. The probe is pressed firmly against the grounded enclosure tube while the conductor is energized at varying AC I DC voltage. If the noise disappears at low voltage, appears at some intermediate voltage and the intensity continues to increase, it is certain that the noise is due to internal corona. It has also been observed that in some cases the small sharp potty branched in areas of high dielectric stress get burnt or the particles driven to low stress areas. The effect of conducting particles on the break down strength of SF6 is more serious for power frequency voltage test than for impulses voltage.

10. Performance of SF6 Breaker:

            SF6 gas circuit breaker combines the advantageous features minimum oil and air blast breakers and exhibits a number of additional advantages over both.

            1)It is possible to have large number of breaking operations near full breaking                                    capacity with out any undue wear.

            2)Because of the fast recovery of dielectric strength across the parting contacts                                  during interruption.

                        a) These breakers are restrict free while switching of capacitive currents.

                        b) These breakers are incentive to short time faults and are capable of                                                    breaking at every high values of RRRV and

                        c) These breakers are suitable for multi-short re closing with out any reduction                                in breaking capacity

            3)There is no necessity to change any parts in the breaking chamber even after                                   a period often years of service in the actual system. This means that there are                                       practically no problem of maintenance for SF6 breakers.

            4)The operation is noiseless since the gas is used in a closed circuit. There will                                   be no discharge of arc products into atmosphere.

            5)Puffer type breakers are autonomous and independent because no auxiliary                                 equipment is required.

            6)Fire hazards are eliminated.

RELAY

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electric circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts.

Operation

When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force approximately half as strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arcing.

If the coil is energized with DC, a diode is frequently installed across the coil, to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might cause damage to circuit components. Some automotive relays already include that diode inside the relay case. Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series, may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a small copper ring can be crimped to the end of the solenoid. This “shading ring” creates a small out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.

By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay is made with a thyristor or other solid-state switching device. To achieve electrical isolation an optocoupler can be used which is a light – emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor.

Types of relay

   Latching relay

   Reed relay

   Mercury-wetted relay

   Polarized relay

      Machine tool relay

      Contactor relay

      Solid state contactor relay

      Buchholz relay

      Forced-guided contacts relay

      Solid-state relay

     Overload protection relay

      Pole & Throw

The following types of relays are commonly encountered:

SPST - Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology “SPNO” and “SPNC” is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.

SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total.

DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has six terminals in total. It is ambiguous whether the poles are normally open, normally closed, or one of each.

DPDT - Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil.

QPDT - Quadruple Pole Double Throw. Often referred to as Quad Pole Double Throw, or 4PDT. These have four rows of change-over terminals. Equivalent to four SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil, or two DPDT relays. In total, fourteen terminals including the coil.

      Protective relay

      Overcurrent rela

      Distance relay

SURGE ARRESTERS AND INSULATION CO-ORDINATION

I.Introduction:

            Electrical systems by nature involve two forms of protection over current and over voltage since over current protection of electrical equipment’s are well known to all, it is not elaborated here. Over voltage protection on the other hand, remains a relatively new subject to many engineers. Both types of protection equally necessary for safe system operation.

            The importance of over voltage protection for a power system can not be over emphasized. Major equipment failures, expensive repairs, personnel safety and plant down time are certain consequences of inadequate protection from voltage surges.

            Surge arresters are designed to limit dangerous system over voltages. Whether lighting-or System- produced-to safe values when they occur on power systems. An arresters is a voltage limiting device. The functions are to discharge energy associated with a system over voltage condition, limit and interruption the power fellow current that follows the transient current through the arresters and return to an insulating state prepared for the next over voltage occurrence.

            In performing its voltage limiting function, certain protective characteristics of the arrester must be coordinated with the prevailing insulation levels on the system being protected. Insulation is a basic factor that must be considered in the application of arresters on a system. Insulation co-ordination is only a small part of the over all subject of arrester application. Several other factors must also be considered by the engineer when selecting surge protection. The location of the arresters, the inter-connection of ground leads, the insulation level of the protected equipment and the rating of the surge arresters are important in protecting equipment from harmful over voltage.

II.Surge Arrester operation:

            The basic operation of a surge arrester is single. In its noffi1al state, an arrester must act as an insulator. When a high voltage surge occurs. The arrester must cease to be an insulator and must turn into a short to-ground-in million thus of a second. The operation of the most widely used type of surge arresters the value, type of arrester is dealt with. Other types of arresters, such as expulsion arresters and line Oxide arresters (Gapless arresters) are either on the decline or too new for a general discussion at this time. The active elements of a valve type arrester are the spark gap and the valve block. these are housed in a porcelain shell for atmospheric protection and external insulation.

            The gap assembly consists of a number of in-series air gaps with sufficient dielectric strength to withstand the highest power frequency on the system. During severe over voltage conditions, the gap must always, breakdown at a voltage level some what below the insulation withstand voltage level of the equipment it is protecting, other wise equipment damage and or plant down time will result. the gap therefore serves as the switch which turns on the arrester. the voltage level at which the arrester goes from the passive (insulating) to the active (conducting) state, is called the spark over voltage.

            The valve block controls what happens after the arrester has been turned on. If only a gap is used, once a surge has been diverted to ground, a dead short circuit exists between line and ground and the 50 hertz-system energy tries to flow to ground causing a fuse, re-closer or breaker to operate to interrupt the system fault current.

            The valve element does exactly as its name implies. It conducts when surge current is flowing and it ceases to conduct when 50 Hz line current begins to flow. the valve block is able to do this because It is made of a non-linear resistance material, silicon carbide. The valve block offers a very high resistance to 50 Hz current while displaying a low resistance to surge current. In addition, it also consumes the surge energy passes through it.

            Spark over and discharge voltage are the two protective characteristics of an arrester which are used in calculating margins of protection when studying insulation co-ordination. These protective characteristics are published by arrester manufacturers.

III. Arrester Classification :

            There are three classifications of surge arresters used for over voltage protection in a system.

1.Distribution Type:

            The arresters are generally used in distribution system for equipment protection. Standards distribution arresters are used for protecting oil. Insulated distribution transformers, these arresters are also used as line entrance arresters, for 11KV and 22KV lines. They are the lowest in cost.

2.Intermediate Type :

            These units cost approximately two or three times as much as equivalent distribution units. For this, the arrester offers lower maximum spark over and discharge voltage characteristics that afford a greater margin of protection plus the capability of discharging large surge levels. These arresters also have a pressure relief system to safely vent internal pressure if the unit falls before the porcelains shell has a chance to rupture. These arresters are used for the L.V. protection of Power transformers in sub-transmission sub-station i.e.110/33/22/11KV and 66/22/11KV sub-station.

3.Station Type:

            These arresters offer the best protective characteristics and the highest thermal capability but they cost about twice as much as equivalent intermediate units. Like intermediate arresters, station arresters have a pressure-relief system to safely vent internal pressure if the unit fails before a porcelain shell has a chance to rupture. These arresters are generally used in 230KV, 110KV and 66KV systems.

4.Basic insulation level:

            Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL) is the voltage level that equipment insulation is capable of withstanding without sustaining damage. The voltage withstand of insulation is function of time. Inorder to establish volt-time impulse insulation levels of transformers standard impulse tests standard voltage withstand tests are conducted on selected units as type test. Transformers are subjected to impulse voltage tests (at rated BIL) and a chopped wave test (15% above BIL). A steep front – of wave test (65% above BIL) is also performed on some units. A curve plotted through these three points defines the minimum insulation withstand curve for insulation co-ordination (Fig.3) The true withstand level for the transformer lies above the plotted curve.

5. Surge arrester application:

            With an understanding of how an arrester performs its functions and a knowledge of equipment insulation, we can now move into the application area and consider the several factors that comprise surge arrester application as it relates to over voltage protection of transformers, The selection of surge arresters merit are carefully considered. Various factors have to be taken into account in order to arrive at a reliable and at the same time economical means of protection. The important points are:

            i)Selection of rated voltage.

            ii)Selection according to the standards, codes, recommendations for insulation coordination.

i)Arrester rating :

            The voltage rating of an arrester is defined as the highest 50 Hz voltage at which the arrester is  designed to operate and reseal effectively after a surge has passed. Because of the system grounding and connection, this, voltage is typically higher than the phase to ground voltage / on the healthy phases will increase temporarily and it depends upon the earthing factor or the system. The selection of an arrester voltage rating for station depends upon grounding system connection and system voltage rating.

            Also the voltage impressed across an arrester during a surge discharge is directly proportional to the arrester voltage rating that is, a 10,000 Amps surge produces a higher discharge voltage if it is flowed through a 10KV arrester than it does flowed through a 9KV arrester generally it is desirable from the stand  point of equipment protection to select the lowest voltage rating for the application.

ii)Arrester location:

            Surge arresters should always be located as close as possible to the terminals of the equipment protected. In the case of transformer protection, mounting the arresters directly on the transformer is the best of insurance. An appreciable distance between the surge arrester, and the protected equipment reduces protection, afforded by the arresters and also increases the voltage impressed upon the transformer at time of surge discharge. Also because of the extra travel distance between the equipment and its arrester, surge wave could rise above the equipment damage point before the arrester comes to its rescue.

            n addition, the arrester connecting leads should be kept as short as possible because of their voltage contribution to discharge the voltage. During current flow to ground through an arrester, the interconnecting leads provide a voltage contribution because of current passing through an impedance. Depending on surge magnitude, rate of rise type of conductor, a typical value of voltage contribution to discharge voltage by interconnecting leads is i.e. 1.6 KV / foot.

            In practice, the protection range is given by the following simple formula.

                        L          =          U – Ua  x V     Where

                                                2 X S

                        L          =          Protection range of arrester in meters

                                                (measured along the line)

                        U         =          Impulse withstand voltage of protected equipment in KV.                                                   (BIL of equipment)

                        Ua       =          Spark over voltage of an arrester in K. V. (Peak) of the system.                                                       During earth fault conditions, the voltage

                        V         =          Velocity of wave progression with

                                                V line              =          300 meters /micro  sec.

                                                V cable            =          150 meters /micro  sec.

                        S          =          Steepness of incoming wave front in KV /  sec.

                       

            (The protection range of an arrester increases with the difference between the impulse voltage IV’ and the spark over voltage Va. Therefore, an arrester with protective level tends to extend the protective range)

iii)Interconnection of Grounds:

            It is essential that the arrester ground terminal be interconnected with the transformer tank and secondary neutral to provide reliable surge protection for the transformers.

Iv)Insulation coordination: .

            Now let us consider the selection of an arrester according to standards, codes or recommendations for insulation coordination. Calculating the margin of protection is the  major part of an. insulation co-ordination study. Insulation coordination is the process of comparing the impulse strength of insulation with the voltage that can occur across the arrester for the severity of surge discharge for which the protection is desired. For a transformer, this means a comparison of the volt-time insulation withstand curve with the impulse and switching surge spark over and discharge voltage curve of the arrester.

            After determining the rated voltage of an arrester, the protective level has to be carefully selected. For complete protection of the equipment, the “protective level” viz. the level to which the over voltages are omitted by the arrester, must be lower than the withstand level by a factor of at least 1.2 for lightning surges and 15 for switching surges. The value thus selected must be checked against that given in I.S.S. or the technical details furnished by the arrester manufactures.

            To arrive at the discharge voltage of an arrester for these calculations discharge voltage for a 10,000 Amps. surge is normally used. The following formula define these two margins of protection calculations:

                                    CWW -FOW SO                    BIL -DV + IX)

            MP1 =                         CWW      x 100% MP2           =           BIL      x 100%

Where

CWW              = Chopped -waved withstand voltage of transformer winding = 1.15 BIL

FOW SO         = Front of wave spark over of surge arrester in KV (Crest)

BIL                 = Basic Impulse Insulation level of the transformer.

DV                  = Discharge voltage of the arrester at 10 KA surge.

IX                    =  Voltage contribution of connecting leads at the rate of 1.6 KV / ft.

MP                  =  Margin of Protection

            Insulation co-ordination in an important aspect to be considered when surge protective is to be afforded to transformers with reduced BILS

vi Protection against direct strokes:

i)          Protection against direct strokes can be handled by shielding the station equipment’s by                the provision of either

            a)         Mast or rods or

            b)         a net work of overhead ground wires in such a way that equipment’s and switches                                     of all lie in the protected zone.

ii)         The protected zone for a rod mast is generally assumed as a cone with a base radius                       equal to the height of the rod or mast above ground.

iii)        For small sub-stations it may be sufficient to run one or GI wires across the station                        from adjacent line towers. Extra wires may be run from the tower to the structure and                over the station.

iv)        The grounds of the station shield should be solidly tied to the station ground bus to                       prevent difference of surge potential between the shield and other g-rounded parts of                    the Station.

SAFETY IN SUB-STATION

            Prevention of damages to equipment’ s and men working on then due to any accidents is an essential aspect in any establishment. Prevention of accident which is an unforeseen one is more essential aspect of any establishment / organisation.

            As accidents occur mainly due to unsafe execution, actions and circumstances, these accidents can be avoided by adopting safety precautions, implementing safety procedures and following safety rules.

General safety methods:

I.          While execution of any work, that part of equipment or line is to be isolated from the                    supply.

2.         Using discharge rods, charging, current if any is to be discharged.

3.         Using Earth rods, all phases/conducting path are to be property earthed by securing                       good Earthing.

4.         When even opening an AB switch or removing of fuse, it is also advisable and                   preferable to wear rubber gloves.

5.         Use of belt rope is another safety method to be adopted to work on elevated places.

Safety methods to be adopted in Sub-Stations :

            In any work is to be attended to any line, first and fore most item of work is to get proper approval from the competent controlling authority for execution of the work specifying the date, time, duration,  place of work, affected parties etc. .

            For Grid feeders and Stations, the authorized officer for issue of approval is S.E.               (L.D. Centre), Madras, For 110 KV, 66 KV, radial feeders Superintending Engineer /                        Distribution is the approving authority. Similarly for 33 KV Divisional Engineer incharge of distribution is the approving authority.

             Above details with the list of authorised officers is enclosed herewith (enclosure I)

             Without obtaining proper approval from the competent authority, no L.C. should be issued nor availed by anybody. If the above procedure is not followed, it is nothing but a suicidal. Further it also amounts to murder of others.

            So, after getting proper approval, line clear is to be  issued to the requested party. But the issue and receiver should be aware/have full knowledge about the SS equipment’s, control room panel details etc.,

The line clear issuing person should clearly record the following:

            a) Which breaker have been tripped

            b) Which A.B. switches were opened

            c) Where Earthing was done

            d) What is the Safer place / Line to carry on the execution of work

Safety arrangements in control room:

1)         Key Board should be in open condition so that the keys could be taken out quickly                       during any urgency.

            Line clear keyboard should be in locked up condition to prevent other persons from           using the keys inside, before the cancellation of the Line clear permit.

The keys should be placed in the key board in an orderly manner according to their numbers. Otherwise, the required lock could not be opened in time and the possibility of opening a wrong lock may happen.

2)         Rubber mat should be provided on the floor in front of the panel board.

3)         The following details should be clearly displayed in the control room.

                        Approved operating instructions for all equipment’s.

                        Break down instructions.

Operating instructions including for the emergency operations to be carried out in the event of operation of buchholz relay. Differential relay, Group control trip, total supply failure, grid failure. The operator should be fully conversant with the above instructions and   the must be able to act quickly and effectively.

4)         The Board containing D.C. cable layout. A cable layout panel wiring diagram and Earthing layout should be displayed in the control room. This is necessary to attend the faults immediately after their occurrence.

5)         D.C. Earth leakage test system should be available.

6)         There should not be any defective power plugs, switches and bulb holders in the    control room wiring.

7)         One artificial respirator should be available in ready condition.

8)         Stools made of insulating material should be used for operating high tension          communication equipment’s (Telephones).

9)         Adequate number of rubber gloves, belt ropes, discharge rods, and earth rods in     good condition should be available in the control room.

Battery room:

1.         Battery room should be in locked up condition.

“Naked flame is prohibited inside of the battery room” and “Smoking prohibited” warnings should be kept written on the battery room door.

2.         One exhaust fan should be functioning.

3.         Accurate D.C. cell testing volt meters, hydro meters and thermometers should be               available in the battery room.

4.         Pilot cell voltage, specific gravity and temperature should be taken every week.

5.         The specific gravity should not be maintained below 1195 at 15.6°C and below 1183                    at 32. 20°C. The battery should not be allowed to discharge below 1160.

6.         Cell voltage should be maintained between 1.95 V to 2.05 V. The battery should not                     be allowed to discharge below 1.85 V.

7.         Battery should be allowed neither to over charge not to undercharge. It should not also                 be kept idle.

8.         Electrolyte level must be checked in every shift. It must be ensured that the level is                       10mm above the top of the plates.

9.         Weak cells should be rectified then and there.

10.       While taking specific gravity readings, care must be taken not to allow the acid to                         come in contact with the eyes.

Safety adopted for transformers:

1.         Transformers are to be maintained periodically as per schedule. Switches on HV side                     and LV side are to be isolated after reducing the Load by tripping the breakers.

2.         Kiosks and OCB : All the Live parts of the kiosk should have H. T. insulation tape. To be protected by wiremesh. It should be vermin proof. Keys are to be kept with interlock. When ever to open the door of the kiosk, kiosk should be tripped link should be opened by the interlock key. The opening of the links are to be verified physically. After doing all the above precautions, the tank should be lowered down. Proper care is to be taken and it should be kept in mind that supply is available at the roofing.

            Oil leak should be arrested. Back feeding is avoided.

            Cotton waste should not be used for cleaning purpose.

3.         AB switches:

Handle of the AB switch is to be earthed properly. Blades should be kept at opening position. It should not be closed automatically, proper maintenance is to be done for this. AB switch blades are to be opened fully. AB switches are to be kept locked on both            conditions. AB switches are to be opened only after tripping the breakers.

4.         Lightning arresters :

            Lightning arresters are used to bypass the sudden lightning surges and thereby to protect the equipment’s.Only after proper discharging is done on lightning arresters, it should be attempted to attend to maintenance.Fencing is to be provided around lightning arresters. Door arrangements with lock is to be provided. Separate earth connections are to be provided for lightning arresters.

 5.        Current transformers:

            Current transformer secondary side is to be short circuited during maintenance and testing. Before doing any testing, the current transformers are to be discharged.

6.         Potential transformers:

            Potential transformers primary side is to be Earthed during maintenance and testing. Secondary side is to be earthed at only one place. Whenever giving connection, or removing meters on the secondary side of die potential transformer, the fuses are to be removed and renewed.

7.         Capacitors and H. T. Coupling capacitor:

            Capacitors should be provided inside fencing. Before attempting to do any work, proper discharging is to be done. They only it should be attempted for maintenance work. Proper Earthing should be provided during the execution of the work. After completion of the work, Earthing is to be removed.

8.         Earth pits:

            Sub-station earth connections should be properly maintained so that the earth            resistance is minimum. Water should be poured in the earth pits daily. Earth connections, must be capable of protecting the persons working in the electrical equipment’s and protect in the equipment’s during heavy fault current. Earth resistance should not exceed the following limits.

            Grid stations: I Ohm Other sub-stations ..2 Ohm.

            Distribution transformers ..5 Ohm.

            They must be a clearance of 5 feet, between the sub-station fence and the electrical equipment’s / live points. The fence should be earthed at every 200 feet, separately. Generally the fence Earthing should not be linked with the sub-station Earthing. But if the clearance  is less than 5 ft. feet fence Earthing must be linked with the sub-stations Earthing. The iron gates in the sub-station fence should also be earthed separately.

9.         Fire fighting equipments:

            These equipment’s are to be kept on good and working condition. Proper schedule of maintenance is to be done for keeping them in good conditions. These equipment’s should be kept at an easily accessible place so as to use them immediately under emergency. Dry sand heaps are to be available wherever necessary. Empty buckets are to be provided.

 10.      S.S. Yard:

            1.         S.S. yard should be provided with fencing.

            2.         Unauthorised persons should not enter into the yard

            3.         Cable ducks are to be provided with slabs.

            4.         Best illumination is to be provided for the yard.

            5.         A warning board with a display that “Umbrella” stick Dogs should not be brought                         inside the  yard” is to be provided at the entrance of the yard.

            6.         A separate room is to- be provided for keeping the empty drums. At the                                         entrance of the room “No smoking” Board is to be provided.

General

1.         The territory of the work spot which was declared safety to work is to be clearly identified by tying a rope. Inside this boundary is to be further identified by hanging a green flag. Outside this boundary where it is unsafe to work is to be identified by a red flag.

2.         Wherever necessary caution boards like “Men on working” “Don’t Switch on“ Safe for work” etc., are to be provided.

3.         If any unauthorized, unskilled staff happen to go near the equipment’s he can do so with the assistance and under the vigil of an experienced, authorised staff.

4.         Conversation is strictly prohibited wile execution of any work. It should be                        totally avoided especially when work is being carried out on any bus bars.

5.         Placing the materials, tools and plants and men are to be at a safety clearance from the Live. parts.

            6.         T & Ps like spanners etc. are to be lifted and brought down only by means of                                 ropes and not by throwing and catching.

7.         Study and safe ladder with steps at convenient intervals is to be used. To avoid slippage of the ladder, necessary precaution is to be taken at the bottom of the ladder by providing empty gunnies.

            8.         Lifting of any ladder or rods (Earth) are to be done only horizontally. Vertical

                         lifting may cause damages by interrupting with the safe clearances.

            9          The bus and line links art’; to be kept opened while doing work on OCB and

       

Are You At Your Wit’S End With Your Dog?

Are you at your wits end with your dog? Don’t give up, help is near!!

Does your dog embarrass you? Does He Still Jump on Everyone Who Comes In.?

Your dog needs to be trained. You must do more than just tell your dog to stop doing what he is doing; you must not confuse him, keep your words simple and be consistent. He does not understand sentences, only simple one or two word commands. Real dog training is not a “quick fix”; it is a conditioning, life-long process. Dog training is very important today because many people take their dogs everywhere they go.

Not all dog training is the same. Positive dog training has become the preferred method of dog training. This method of training is possible for almost every young dog. Dog training involves more than just training your dog; it involves teaching the owner “you”. Dog training is like going to school for you and the dog. Training is all about making your dog understand you, and you need to learn to communicate with your dog.

I have heard that about 90% of dog training is teaching the owners.

One of the basic training points in this regard is teaching your dog to sit on command. Training your dog to “sit” is probably the first (and easiest) thing you should train your dog to do. When you start the training: say, “Sit” while gently pressing it?s rump down and holding a treat above the dog’s head. When he looks upward, he will automatically sit on his hind legs.

Again if you want your dog to sit, hold a treat a bit above his head and say, “sit”. As the dog sits, say, “Sit” again and then immediately, give him the treat. Your dog will drop into a ’sit’ position in order to get the treat.

My favorite command is fetch. Playing fetch with your dog promotes bonding while making sure he is getting some exercise. First throw a ball (not too far though), and give the command “Fetch”. As he starts to run towards it, yell fetch again. Instead of a ball, you could use one of his toys that he loves, as this makes him want to go get it. Avoid using heavy items or sticks, as this can damage the dog’s teeth or hurt him.

A well-trained dog should stay where his or her owner tells him to, so stay is another important command in dog training as well. That will come in a later article. The most basic of dog training is to get your dog to sit, stay and fetch. Proper dog training is not a “quick fix”: it is an ongoing process.

Dog training is a very physical, so be prepared to get tired. With breeds that are more aggressive, dog training is never without risk of injury.

Training your dog continues throughout your dog’s life. Dog training is certainly necessary for all dogs. One major mistake many pet owners make is to assume that the dog training is over once the pet has learned the basic commands. It is all about communication with your individual dog.

Dog training is definitely not difficult and it can be made much easier than you would expect, especially if you get help from a good dog-training guide or book.

I highly recommend the following books and videos as they have worked for me.

I felt that I was the old dog trying to old to learn new tricks, but I guess I was wrong.

And you can believe me when I say, “If a 70 year old great grandmother can learn from these books & videos YOU CAN TOO.

Get a FREE E-Course at Free E-Course on Easy Dog Training

“Absolutely no obligation!”

Little Tips for Successful Doorway Pages

Doorway pages are “Meet and greet” professionals! Their job is to invite and welcome visitors and to direct them towards a site which is relevant to their needs and offers more information. In other words, to funnel traffic towards sites which are designed to convert traffic into revenue.

Proper design of these doorway pages is vital to their success. They are your frontline troops. However, instead of arming them with guns, they are designed to express enormous charm and visitor appeal! They are acceptable and appealing to human visitors as well as the search engines.

1. A doorway page should load quickly, to encourage the visitor to enter and explore the site instead of getting peeved and impatient, building resistance. So keep your graphics to a minimum. Banners and logo should be small and linked to the next level up – the sales page. Also include your keywords within the image “ALT” tag. Beneath your logo, prepare an intriguing sentence that you link to the next level.

2. Host your feeder sites cheaply. This can be done by signing up with a host that allows multiple, even “unlimited” domains on the one account, such as reseller accounts. Having multiple blogs serves a similar purpose. It’s possible to buy domain names very cheaply – around $5 each. Blog names are free.

3. If you use any questionable marketing (”black hat”) tactics, such as automatic page generating software, do not use them with your star and planet sites. Don’t risk having them banned. Like wise with your advertising accounts. If you display ads, such as Adsense, be sure that those sites are squeaky clean, so that you don’t risk your account.

4. Select three keyword phrases that closely describe the site (doorway page) you are designing. For instance, if the page is to be about dog training, you might have keyword phrases such as: dog training, obedience training, house training. Place these in your keyword Meta tags, between the heading tags, of your web page source code. Separate each phrase with a comma.

5. Prepare a descriptive sentence about this site using the keyword phrases you’ve selected, such as: “Dog Training Course: Expert Tips for Successful House and Obedience Training.” Use this sentence for your DESCRIPTION Meta tag. Note the initial caps.

6. For the TITLE Meta tag, simply use your primary keyword phrase. For example: Dog Training.
Also suitable would be a line that includes the secondary keywords, separated with a pipe: Dog Training | Obedience Training | House Training

7. Place your keywords in the comments tag. This can be done throughout the web page as you organize your content.

Example:
!–Begin Dog Training Introduction–
!–End Dog Training Introduction

These are not visible on your web page but can be read in the HTML.

8. Provide valuable content that contains your keywords every couple of sentences. It does not need to be lengthy. It could be in the form of a comment, report or article of about 250 – 350 words. Your aim is to provide keyword rich, search engine friendly, useful material.

9. Save your doorway page using one of the keywords.

Example:
dog_training.html

If there are multiple pages, a number can be added to distinguish each one:

Example:
dog_training1.html
dog_training2.html

The power of doorway pages to attract website traffic comes from the valuable, keyword-rich content that you’ve designed to have BOTH search engine and visitor appeal. Of course, you don’t have to stop with just one page! Imagine the flow of website traffic if you have a hundred, or more, of these focused doorway pages, all feeding traffic to your site.

Your Pets’ Behavioral Problems Can Be Fixed

Every headline in the papers, every top story on the news, and every topic of conversation at the White House points to our failing economy.  Yet, according to American Pet Products Association , in 2008, more than $43 billion � yes, forty-three billion dollars were spent on our pets.  I have to assume that not all businesses are falling apart!  

What about in your backyard?  Invisible Fence® Brand of Upstate NY, located right here in Rochester, took home three national awards for outstanding business growth in 2008, including National Dealer of the Year for the 3rd year in a row!  This is an achievement honoring a team who strives for excellence in customer service, guaranteeing results, and who is determined to make stronger relationships with people and their pets.

Did you know?

Every year, 10 million dogs are lost due to behavior problems! Every year, 5 million dogs are euthanized due to behavior problems! Every year, 1 million dogs are killed on the road ways!

The Invisible Fence® Brandâ??s sole premise is to be the most trusted brand in the pet ownership experience by keeping pets safe, happy and well-behaved at home all the time. And itâ??s not just about containmentâ?? we also offer solutions to help manage other unwanted behaviors like barking, jumping, digging, and chewing.  We offer lifestyle solutions such as heated beds for arthritic dogs and automatic feeders for people who have busy schedules.  We offer love and compassion for people who truly need help managing their relationships with their pets.

Trip to Lollypop

A few weeks ago, Princess and I were at Lollypop Farm.  She always looks forward to the trip!  I can tell because she starts whining as we pull in the parking lot, cold nosed pressed against the window, her breath starting to become more rapid.  Sheâ??s like a kid in a candy shop!  She darts out of the car and pulls me to the door.  Her tail is wagging with excitement.  As we peruse down the hall, I know she wants to run, play and sniff the other dogs.  Her innocence is so sweet.  She has no idea whatâ??s going on.  I always experience a rollercoaster of emotions ranging from loving every puppy in the place, to sadness at their droopy â??take me homeâ? faces, and anger when I read why they are there.  

I once saw a 10-year-old Schipperke who was given to the shelter because of â??barkingâ?.  Seriously?  After ten years you are just getting fed up with it?  I wonder why they didnâ??t call Invisible Fence® Brandâ??we can take care of that in just a few days.  I see a Siberian Husky whoâ??s claimed to be â??an escape artistâ?.  Are you for real?  Why didnâ??t you call Invisible Fence® Brand?  Thereâ??s a Rottweiler that keeps tearing up the couches.  I wonder if they would have given him a second chance if they let us create an invisible barrier that kept him away from all the couches.  I think back to the day I adopted Princess and realized she had severe separation anxiety, breaking out of three metal crates and hurting herself in the process.  I wonder if I would have known to call Invisible Fence® Brand to train her to use an invisible crate if I didnâ??t work for the company.

Help reduce the number of shelter admissions, euthanasia and lost dogs on the roadwaysâ??call Invisible Fence® Brand today and let us talk to you about how we can help improve your relationship with your best friend â?¦ before itâ??s too late. 

Kate Siwik is the Director of Sales & Marketing of Invisible Fence® Brand of Upstate NYâ??National Dealer of the Year in 2006, 2007 and 2008.  Her dog, Princess, was adopted from Lollypop Farm in 2007.  Contact Kate at 271-1700 or email her UpstateNY@invisiblefence.com.

Hottest Christmas Toys – Hot Christmas Toys 2008

In the Hottest Christmas Toys - Hot Christmas Toys you get the hottest Christmas toys for 2008 so far this season. Using the hottest Christmas toys list is a surefire way to get toys that you know kids will just love. The reason? Kids know best when it comes to toys, and if they are in the hot Christmas toys list they are very, very popular, which makes your job easier. Just select from the hot Christmas toy list and you know they will love it. Here are just 5 of the hottest Christmas toys 2008…

Nerf N-Strike Vulcan EBF-25 Blaster – Yellow 

The Nerf N-Strike Vulcan EBF-25 Blaster gives you the auto-blasting advantage when you’re at foam-filled war with your friends and enemies. Children and adults ages 6 and up will love the EBF-25, the largest full auto blaster that Nerf makes. It lets you shoot 25 sonic micro darts at up to 3 darts per second for an offensive assault. Watch as the belt feeds automatically through the blaster, letting the barrage of firepower continue as you battle your opponent. The piston-powered internal launching system makes it an unstoppable force! My personal favorite from the hottest Christmas toys list.

Nintendo DS Lite Coral Pink

Connect wirelessly to Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection and put your skills to the test against players across the room or across the world. With the Nintendo DS Headset, you can talk and chat over Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection or voice command games. With impressive 3D rendered graphics and ultra-bright screens, Nintendo DS Lite delivers cutting-edge portable games for fans of any genre. This is many girls’ most-wished-for toy from the hottest Christmas toys list this year.

Fur Real Friends Biscuit My Lovin’ Pup

Get ready to welcome a fun-loving furry friend into your house when you adopt Biscuit My Lovin Pup, one of the FurReal Friends by Hasbro. This ultra-realistic FurReal pup is the perfect first pet for any little girl or boy. Biscuit responds to you and obeys six different commands: sit, lie down, sit up, beg and speak. He’ll also give you a paw when you ask if he wants a treat. Biscuit’s soft, cuddly fur and puppy-dog eyes will instantly win you over. Sitting pup measures 21″ tall. A loving puppy that deserves its place in the hot Christmas toys listings.

Baby Alive Learns To Potty

Playing ‘mommy’ is even more realistic with this very sweet Baby Alive Learns To Potty doll! Press the doll’s bracelet to ‘wake’ her up. It’s time to eat! Mix her special food and feed her, using her bowl and spoon she’ll really ‘chew’ her food and even ‘drink’ from her bottle and tell you how much she likes it! And since Baby Alive is also ‘potty training’, she’ll also let you know when she needs to go. You’d better hurry, though! Put her on the potty and she’ll ‘pee’ and ‘poop’. But if you don’t get there in time, you might hear her say, ‘Oops. I had an accident!’ Change Baby Alive’s messy diaper and she’ll be happy once again. Moving up fast in the hottest Christmas toys list.

Bakugan Brawlers Battle Pack

With this Bakugan Battle Pack, kids 4 and above will enjoy the challenge of earning points by rolling their Bakugan (or shooting them from a launcher) onto magnetic cards where the plastic spheres burst open to reveal the fearsome warrior apparatus inside. The popular and fun TV series “Bakugan Battle Brawlers” has spawned this strategic game that pits a variety of Bakugan warriors — such as “Juggernoids,” “Fear rippers,” and “Robatallians” — against each other for points. This could end up being the #1 hottest Christmas toy this year.

These are just 5 of the hottest Christmas toys this year and there are many more to choose from, but, seeing as they are hot Christmas toys they are extremely popular. And since Christmas is just around the corner your preferred selection could very well sell out if you delay any longer.

To see a more complete range of the hottest Christmas toys 2008 and to snap-up great deals of the day go to http://top-10-best-selling-christmas-toys.blogspot.com and avoid disappointing the young ones.

Balancing Time Between Family, Pets, and Friends

Balancing your life at work and your life at home can be a challenging task if you’re used, especially if you throw factors like family, pets, and friends into the mix of things on top of just trying to take care of yourself.  Relationships are often affected when the individual cannot effectively manage the time that they have for all activities of the day.  Unfortunately, pets are usually the ones that suffer the most because it’s easier to forget about them.

Perhaps it’s easy to put off what we would do for pets on a normal basis because they can not tell us how they are feeling or show us how they are being hurt by not giving them quality time to play or be with us.  Dogs are a lot of responsibility and do require a large amount of care and we can’t provide that for them, they can be affected negatively.  That’s why it’s important that they receive the attention that deserve on a daily basis.   After all, dogs have feelings too.

So what can we do to make sure that they get the attention that they need to remain healthy?  Well sometimes live can be made easier if some of the tasks that we are responsible can be automatically done for us.  For example, feeding your dog requires your time on a daily basis, and if we’re too busy to even remember to feed ourselves, how are we going to remember the dog?  There are feeders which can do this automatically, so you don’t have to worry about whether or not your dog got fed.  See it’s the little things like this that can help you manage your time more effectively.

When you can’t manage your time effectively, then it’s not just you that suffers, it’s all that are involved.  Hopefully, with a little planning, and a little hard work and dedication,  you can develop a plan for you, your family, and your pets to be able to help manage time better so that all parties involved get the attention that they require and in the end, everyone will be happy.

How to Stop Puppy Chewing — the Do’s and Don’ts of Dog Training Basics

Tell me, does this describe you?  Puppy chewing is making your dream of having a happy, obedient dog into a nightmare of dog chewing problems as your belongings are shredded into a million little pieces.  Don’t despair.  You can stop puppy chewing by learning some dog training basics. 

You Need To Understand Why Puppies Chew On Things

If you’ve ever been around a human baby, you know that they learn about their surroundings by putting everything in their mouths.  A puppy is no different.  Puppies chew on chair legs, shoes, and whatever they can get hold of.  This is normal behavior, but that doesn’t mean it’s not destructive chewing.

Also like human babies, puppies chew on things because they’re teething.  When a dog chews, endorphins are released.  These chemicals soothe your puppy and make his sore gums feel better.

The Do’s Of Dog Training Basics For Puppies

Puppies don’t automatically outgrow chewing on everything.  It’s up to you as a dog owner to train him to stop puppy chewing on things that don’t belong to him.

You can prevent dog chewing problems by putting things away.  Don’t leave out eyeglasses, shoes, or the tv remote where he can get them.  Put the trash in a closet, and move plants to a safe place.  Pick up throw rugs, socks, and anything else he’s tempted to chew on.

Make furniture and things you can’t move taste bad to your puppy by spraying them with a bitter-tasting substance.  These sprays, available at pet stores, are very effective at stopping destructive chewing.

Provide lots of chew toys.  Only give him two or three at a time so he can learn that they belong to him.  If he starts chewing on something off-limits, say “drop-it” and make a noise to startle him into dropping the object.  Immediately give him one of his chew toys and praise him when he puts it in his mouth.  This teaches him two things; he’s learning the “drop-it” command, and he’s also learning what things he should and should chew on.

Your puppy needs a couple of hours of vigorous exercise every day.  Take him out and play with him.  Don’t miss training opportunities during this play time.  A young puppy can’t concentrate for long, but taking advantage of thirty seconds here and there to work on basic commands lays a good foundation for training. 

Keep an eye on your new friend.  If you’re busy and can’t watch him, put him on his leash and tie it to your belt.  Make sure he has something to play with.  Now he can’t wander off and get into mischief if you turn your back for a minute.

When you leave the house, confine your puppy to one area, either in his crate, or by using a wire-reinforced puppy gate. 

What Not To Do When Dealing With Dog Chewing Problems

Don’t confuse your puppy by giving him old shoes or socks or towels to chew on.  He can’t tell the difference between an old worn out running shoe and the ones you just paid $150 for yesterday.  The boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable things to chew on must be very clear.

Avoid leaving him tied up outside all the time.  Your puppy needs to spend lots of time with you, so he can learn what you expect from him.  He can’t do this if he’s always in a puppy-proof environment.

Unless you catch him the act of destructive chewing, don’t punish him.  He can’t understand that you’re angry about what he did three hours ago.  You might think he’s acting guilty, but what’s really happening is that he’s scared and threatened by you being angry and upset.  The guilty-looking behavior is actually a submissive posture that has nothing to do with being caught misbehaving.

You can see that it’s very easy to do the wrong thing when trying to stop puppy chewing.  The best way to train your puppy correctly is to make the investment in a well-recommended dog training course right now.